Cross-References
How Pauhu links EU data sources together. Follow the connections between legislation, case law, legislative procedures, national transposition, and procurement.
related array in the response contains documents from other products that are linked via CELEX numbers, procedure references, or legal base citations. Cross-references are resolved automatically — no extra API calls needed.
EUR-Lex → CURIA
Legislation Cited in Court Judgments
When the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) interprets or applies legislation, the judgment references the relevant legal acts via CELEX numbers. Pauhu resolves these references so you can navigate from a regulation to every court case that has interpreted it, and vice versa.
Direction: Bidirectional. Search EUR-Lex to see citing judgments; search CURIA to see cited legislation.
Example: AI Act cited in case law
curl "https://staging.pauhu.eu/v1/search/eurlex?q=artificial+intelligence+high-risk&lang=en&limit=1" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_API_KEY"{
"product": "eurlex",
"results": [
{
"id": "32024R1689",
"title": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (AI Act)",
"date": "2024-07-12",
"modality": "obligation",
"in_force": true,
"score": 0.96,
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj",
"related": [
{
"product": "curia",
"id": "C-634/21",
"title": "SCHUFA Holding (Scoring) - automated individual decision-making under GDPR",
"relationship": "cites_legislation",
"celex": "62021CJ0634"
}
]
}
]
}Example: Schrems II judgment referencing legislation
curl "https://staging.pauhu.eu/v1/search/curia?q=Schrems+data+transfer+third+country&lang=en&limit=1" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_API_KEY"{
"product": "curia",
"results": [
{
"id": "C-311/18",
"title": "Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems",
"date": "2020-07-16",
"modality": "prohibition",
"score": 0.98,
"url": "https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-311/18",
"related": [
{
"product": "eurlex",
"id": "32016R0679",
"title": "General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)",
"relationship": "interprets",
"celex": "32016R0679"
},
{
"product": "eurlex",
"id": "32010D0087",
"title": "Commission Decision 2010/87/EU on standard contractual clauses",
"relationship": "invalidates",
"celex": "32010D0087"
}
]
}
]
}EUR-Lex → OEIL
Directive Linked to Its Legislative Procedure
The Legislative Observatory (OEIL) tracks every EU legislative procedure from Commission proposal to final adoption. Pauhu links adopted legislation back to its OEIL procedure record, giving you the full history: committee opinions, parliamentary amendments, Council positions, and voting records.
Direction: Bidirectional. From EUR-Lex, see the procedure that produced the law. From OEIL, see the final adopted text.
Example: AI Act legislative history
curl "https://staging.pauhu.eu/v1/search/eurlex?q=AI+Act+2024+1689&lang=en&limit=1" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_API_KEY"{
"product": "eurlex",
"results": [
{
"id": "32024R1689",
"title": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act)",
"date": "2024-07-12",
"modality": "obligation",
"in_force": true,
"score": 0.99,
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj",
"related": [
{
"product": "oeil",
"id": "2021/0106(COD)",
"title": "Artificial intelligence: harmonised rules (AI Act)",
"relationship": "legislative_procedure",
"stage": "Procedure completed"
}
]
}
]
}EUR-Lex → National Law
290,000 National Transposition Cross-References
EU directives require transposition into national law by each member state. EUR-Lex Sector 7 contains 290,000 cross-references linking EU directives to the national measures that implement them across 28 EU/EEA countries. Pauhu resolves these links so you can check whether a directive has been transposed in a specific country and find the implementing legislation.
Direction: Bidirectional. From EUR-Lex, see which countries have transposed. From National Law, see which EU directive is being implemented.
Example: GDPR national transposition in Finland
curl "https://staging.pauhu.eu/v1/search/eurlex?q=GDPR+general+data+protection&lang=en&limit=1" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_API_KEY"{
"product": "eurlex",
"results": [
{
"id": "32016R0679",
"title": "Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation)",
"date": "2016-04-27",
"modality": "obligation",
"in_force": true,
"score": 0.99,
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj",
"related": [
{
"product": "lex",
"id": "FI-1050-2018",
"title": "Tietosuojalaki (Data Protection Act 1050/2018)",
"relationship": "national_transposition",
"country": "FI",
"directive_celex": "32016R0679"
},
{
"product": "lex",
"id": "DE-BDSG-2018",
"title": "Bundesdatenschutzgesetz (Federal Data Protection Act)",
"relationship": "national_transposition",
"country": "DE",
"directive_celex": "32016R0679"
},
{
"product": "lex",
"id": "FR-LOI-2018-493",
"title": "Loi relative a la protection des donnees personnelles",
"relationship": "national_transposition",
"country": "FR",
"directive_celex": "32016R0679"
}
]
}
]
}The related array includes all member states that have reported transposition measures for the directive. Use the country field to filter for a specific jurisdiction.
TED → EUR-Lex
Procurement Notices Referencing Enabling Legislation
Public procurement notices on TED (Tenders Electronic Daily) reference the EU directives that govern the procurement procedure — typically Directive 2014/24/EU (public contracts), Directive 2014/25/EU (utilities), or sector-specific legislation. Pauhu resolves these legal base references so you can navigate from a tender to the law that enables it.
Direction: TED → EUR-Lex. From a procurement notice, see the governing legislation.
Example: Procurement notice with legal base
curl "https://staging.pauhu.eu/v1/search/ted?q=translation+services+EU+institutions&lang=en&limit=1" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_API_KEY"{
"product": "ted",
"results": [
{
"id": "2025-123456",
"title": "Translation and interpretation services for EU institutions",
"date": "2025-09-15",
"buyer": "Publications Office of the European Union",
"value_eur": 2500000,
"score": 0.91,
"related": [
{
"product": "eurlex",
"id": "32014L0024",
"title": "Directive 2014/24/EU on public procurement",
"relationship": "legal_base",
"celex": "32014L0024"
}
]
}
]
}Using Cross-References in the API
The related array
Cross-references appear in the related array of search results. Each entry contains:
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
product | string | The linked product identifier (e.g. curia, lex, oeil) |
id | string | Document ID in the linked product |
title | string | Document title |
relationship | string | Link type (see table below) |
celex | string | CELEX number (when applicable) |
country | string | ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code (national law links only) |
Relationship types
| Relationship | From | To | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
cites_legislation | curia | eurlex | Judgment cites or interprets this legislation |
interprets | curia | eurlex | Judgment provides authoritative interpretation |
invalidates | curia | eurlex | Judgment declares act invalid (annulment) |
legislative_procedure | eurlex | oeil | Law was produced through this procedure |
national_transposition | eurlex | lex | Directive transposed by this national measure |
legal_base | ted | eurlex | Procurement conducted under this directive |
Following a cross-reference
To fetch the full details of a linked document, use the product and ID from the related entry:
# From the related entry: {"product": "curia", "id": "C-311/18"}
curl "https://staging.pauhu.eu/v1/search/curia?q=C-311/18&lang=en&limit=1" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_API_KEY"